head
introduction
The human head (skull, lat. Caput) is the foremost part of the body. It contains:
- Sense organs,
- Organs of ventilation and feeding
- as well as the brain.
Figure skull
- Frontal bone -Frontal bone
- Parietal bone - Parietal bone
- Occiput - Occipital bone
- Temporal bone - Temporal bone
- Sphenoid bone - Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid - Ethmoid bone
- Zygomatic bone - Os zygomaticum
- Nasal bone - Nasal bone
- Upper jaw - Maxilla
- Lower jaw - Mandible
- Tearbone -Lacrimal bone
- Chin hole - Mental foramen
- Ploughshare - Vomer
- Under eye cavity hole -
Infraorbital foramen - Zygomatic arch -
Arcus zygomaticus - Temporomandibular joint -
Articulatio temporomandibularis - External ear canal -
Meatus acousticus externus - Mastoid process
(Part of the temporal bone) -
Mastoid process - Lambda seam -
Sutura lambdoidea - Cuticle seam -
Sutura squamosa - Crown seam - Coronal suture
- Orbital upper edge -
Margo supraorbitalis
You can find an overview of all Dr-Gumpert images at: medical illustrations
bone
Of the bony Skull is made up of 22 individual, mostly flat bones. Almost all of these bones are immovably connected to one another;
only the Lower jaw bone (Mandible) can in TMJ moves become.
The bony skull is in the Facial- and the Brain skull divided, the border between the upper margin of the Eye socket and the top of the outer Ear canal is to pull.
Brain skull (neurocranium)
Of the Brain skull consists of 7 bones and thus forms both the Skull roof (= Skullcap), as well as the Skull base:
- Occipital bone (Occiput)
- 2* Parietal bone (Parietal bone)
- Frontal bone (Frontal bone)
- 2* Temporal bone (Temporal bone)
- Sphenoid bone (Sphenoid bone)
The bones of the Skullcap are initially only cartilaginous connected and only ossify in the course of life. It is therefore still found in infants Fontanelles, where the Forehead fountain and the Occipital fontanel represent the most significant. Based on the position of the fontanelles, for example, the midwife can feel in which position the child will be born from the birth canal.
You can also use so-called Cranial sutures differentiate at which the individual bones are connected. On the top of the skull these are:
- the Lamda suture,
- the Forehead seam,
- the Arrow seam and the Crown seam.
If there is a staggered ossification of these skull sutures, Skull deformities arise, e.g .: Kahnschädel, Kielschädel, etc.
There are numerous in the area of the skull base openings, through which particular structures of the nervous system to brain pulling towards or away from the brain.
Facial skull (viscerocranium)
The bony one Facial skull consists of 15 bones that make up the face with eyes-, Noses- and Oral cavity form:
- Ethmoid bone (Ethmoid bone)
- 2 * Os nasal (Nasal bone)
- 2* Maxilla (Maxillary bone)
- 2* Lacrimal bone (Tear bone)
- 2* Os zygomaticum (Zygomatic bone)
- 2* Palatine bone (Palatine bone)
- 2* Inferior nasal concha (lower turbinate)
- Vomer (Ploughshare)
- Mandible (Lower jaw bone)
In the area of Facial skull there are also the so-called Sinuses (Paranasal sinus):
- Maxillary sinus (Maxillary sinus)
- Frontal sinus (Frontal sinus)
- Sphenoid sinus (Sphenoid sinus)
- Cellulae ethmoidales (Ethmoid cells)
These are cavities in the bones that are attached to the Nasal cavity which border with Mucous membranes are lined. These cavities are ventilated. It comes to one inflammation of the Sinuses one speaks of one Sinusitis.
brain
The human brain is located with the Brain water (Liquor) in the bony skull.
On the Brain stem it is in direct connection to the Spinal cord. There are also numerous running Nerve fibers through various openings of the Skull base to the individual Muscles and Sense organs.
The brain The human brain consists of two hemispheres, each divided into four Rag are divided into:
- Frontal lobes (Frontal lobe): Centers of personality & drive control
- Temporal lobe (Temporal lobe): Hearing center, language center
- Parietal lobes (Parietal lobes): Center for Spatial Thinking
- Occipital lobe (Occipital lobe): Visual center
The sense organs
eyes
The eyes are an important sense organ. Seeing is one of the five human senses alongside hearing, taste, smell and touch. If light falls on the human eye, it is converted into electrical impulses in the area of the retina, whereby the stimulus is then directed to various visual centers in the brain. Information on the proximity, color, size and movement of an object is also processed.
nose
The nose contains the olfactory cells that are present in the area of the nasal mucosa, the so-called olfactory epithelium. Humans have around 10 million olfactory cells that transmit olfactory information to the brain.
The nose also provides access to the airways. During nasal breathing, the inhaled air should be warmed, moistened and cleaned (using special cilia in the area of the nasal mucosa) before it gets into the lower airways (including the lungs).
mouth
The mouth is the first stop in the digestive tract. Here the food is chopped up and partly already digested by enzymes in saliva before it enters the esophagus through swallowing. There are also numerous taste buds on the tongue, which differentiate between the qualities bitter, sour, salty and sweet and which can transmit the taste information to the brain.
Air can also enter the airways through the mouth, which is then drawn into the windpipe (Trachea) directed.
ear
The ear contains both the hearing and the balance organ.
Sound waves reach the ear via the ear canal, causing the eardrum to vibrate. By bumping into the ossicles (hammer, anvil and stapes), the sound stimulus is transmitted to the snail, from where the information then reaches the brain via the auditory nerve.
The organ of equilibrium in the inner ear enables the body to recognize its position in space and e.g. to coordinate movements together with the information of the eyes.
