Internal organs
introduction
The term “internal organs” is understood in the commonly used sense to mean the organs located in the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
This means organs of:
- Cardiovascular system,
- Blood and immune system,
- endocrine system (Hormonal glands),
- Respiratory tract,
- Digestive system,
- Genitourinary system (Urinary and genital organs).
Internal organs do not work independently of one another, but belong to an organ system. For example, the intestines, the liver and the pancreas use the food together as what is known as the digestive system.
The respiratory system is made up of the internal organs lungs and airways, the circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood.
There are innumerable diseases that affect the internal organs, some examples are bladder weakness, stomach ulcers, liver cirrhosis or renal insufficiency.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is made up of the internal organs heart and Blood vessels educated. The "bloodstream" or the blood vessel system is the flow system of the Blood.
Blood vessels that lead to the heart are called Veins or blood vessels, whereas blood vessels leading away from the heart Arteries or arteries.
The blood vessels become more branched and smaller in diameter the further they are from the heart.
So the major arteries near the heart close first smaller arterioles and then to very small capillariesthat supply the tissue.
Several capillaries are brought together again and form Venulesgoing back to the heart too large veins become.
The heart (Cor) is the internal organ which ensures the supply of all organs by pumping rhythmically (contraction) Carries blood through the body.
The cardiology is the study of the structure, function and diseases of the heart and the doctor who deals with the heart is the cardiologist.
The heart lies within the Heart sac (Pericardium) and weighs about 0.5 percent of body weight. It is divided into a right and a left half of the heart, each made of one chamber and one Forecourt consist.
Through the four heart valves the blood between the heart chambers can only flow in one direction.
Oxygenated blood flows from the Pulmonary circulation in the left atrium and gets through the Mitral valve to left ventricle.
From there it gets into the aorta, the main artery of the body's circulation, is pumped.
Deoxygenated blood flows from the Body circulation in the right atrium, about the Tricuspid valve in the right chamber and from there it gets back into that lung pumped where the blood is re-oxygenated.
The so-called Coronary arteries run on the heart and supply the heart with blood and nutrients itself.
Blood and immune system
blood is also known as "liquid organ"describes and fulfills many different and important tasks in the body.
Blood supplies all body tissues oxygen from the lung and transported carbon dioxide back to the lungs so that it can be exhaled.
The blood also supplies the tissues Nutrients from the Digestive tract and frees it from arising Metabolic and waste products. These become the internal organs kidney and Intestines transported to be excreted.
Last but not least, blood serves as an important medium for the transport of Messenger substances (Hormones), from Components of the body's defenses and the Blood clotting between the individual organ systems.
In an adult human, about 70 to 80 milliliters of blood per kilogram of body weight (about 5 to 6 liters of blood in total) through the blood vessel system.
The body's defense system or immune system prevents tissue damage from pathogens.
The immune system is a network of different organs, cell types and molecules, which ensures that defective endogenous cells are destroyed and microorganisms or foreign substances that have penetrated the body are removed.
The immune system includes, for example, mechanical barriers that are intended to prevent pathogens from entering, such as the skin and Mucous membrane, the respiratory tract or the stomach with stomach acid.
The immune system also includes certain cells that circulate in the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. These defense cells can fight pathogens if they have already entered the body (e.g. Granulocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells).
There are also certain ones Proteins in the body, which serve as messenger substances or to ward off pathogens. These include, for example antibodythat recognize certain foreign matter and attach themselves to it to mark it so that the foreign matter can be recognized and eliminated by the body.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system or hormone system is an organ system that controls many body functions, from growth to reproduction and the digestive process.
Hormones are messenger substances that are carried to their target organs via the bloodstream.
The endocrine organs include two glands (Pituitary gland and pineal gland)that lie in the skull and are therefore not listed here.
The endocrine glands belonging to the internal organs are the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, sex glands, and islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
The thyroid produces the two thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are responsible for the cells' energy turnover and protein production.
If the energy expenditure is increased, it is an overactive thyroid, if it is slowed down, it is referred to as underactive.
The four parathyroid glands are located at the back of the thyroid gland and produce the hormone parathyroid hormone. This regulates the body's calcium balance, which is important for building bones and teeth, for the function of nerve and muscle cells, and for blood clotting.
The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate blood sugar levels.
The adrenal glands are organs that regulate the body's water and salt balance and help the body cope with stressful or emergency situations. This is where the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are produced, which are released into the blood in dangerous or stressful situations, which increases the heart rate, constricts the blood vessels of the skin and internal organs and provides the body with more energy.
In addition, steroid hormones are produced in the adrenal gland: aldosterone to regulate the salt and water balance, cortisol to increase the blood sugar level and reduce the body's defense against infection.
The sex glands are created in pairs as ovaries in women, while in men they form the testicles in the scrotum. In both sexes, the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and androsterone are produced in these organs.
The effect of the hormones is different in women than in men, as they are produced in different proportions. Female sexual characteristics such as breast development and widening of the hips are influenced by the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
In contrast, the male sex hormones testosterone and androsterone, for example, cause beard growth and the deeper voice in men.
Read more on the topic: Hormones
Respiratory tract
The respiratory tract includes all internal organs that are responsible for breathing. This includes the nose, of the throat, of the Larynx, the windpipe, of the Main trachea branch, the Bronchi, Bronchioles and the Alveoli.
The lungs in humans are made up of two lungswhich are divided into two (left lung) or three (right lung) Divide the rag.
The lungs are located in the chest cavity and the lung volume of an adult human is approximately 5 to 6 liters.
The gas exchange, i.e. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the Alveoli (Alveoli) instead of.
The remaining organs of the respiratory tract represent the so-called air conduction system (Bronchial system) represent.
When inhaled, air flows through the mouth or nose into the body and enters the windpipe via the throat. Here the air gets through small Cilia cleaned.
At the end there are about 300 million Alveoli. They only have one very thin partition (Blood-air barrier) to the blood vessels. Here it becomes blood With oxygen loaded (oxygenated) and vice versa here carbon dioxide are released from the blood into the air, which is then exhaled.
The pulmonary medicine or the study of lung diseases is called pneumology. A pulmonologist (pulmonologist) deals with the prophylaxis, detection and conservative treatment of diseases of the lungs, bronchi, middle layer and pleura (lung membrane). These include, for example, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, sleep apnea syndrome, pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis.
Digestive system
The digestive system contains the internal organs that are used to take in, chop and transport food.
In addition, the internal organs of the digestive tract digest food and the food it contains nutrient made usable for the body.
The organs of the digestive system are the Oral cavity, of the throat, the esophagus, of the Gastrointestinal tract, the liver with the Biliary tract and the pancreas.
in the mouth the food is crushed and saliva is added.
in the stomach it is transformed into food pulp and enriched with gastric juice.
in the Duodenum (Duodenum) the bile duct opens, producing pancreatic juice (serves to digest protein and fat) and bile (Fat digestion) can be added to the food pulp.
in the Small intestinelocated in Jejunum (Jejunum) and Ileum (Ileum), the broken down proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and water are absorbed.
in the Large intestine the feces are collected so that bowel movements can occur at intervals. In addition, water and electrolytes are also absorbed here.
The large digestive glands liver (With Gallbladder) and pancreas produce digestive juices, which break down the food enzymatically and enable the absorption of nutrients.
The lower part of the digestive tract is mainly used for Elimination of indigestible food components and the Absorption of water.
Genitourinary system
The genitourinary system includes the Urinary organs and the Genital organs.
The urinary organs include the internal organs kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra.
The two kidneys fulfill a variety of functions. On the one hand, end products of metabolism (so-called urinary substances) and Toxins excreted from the body.
On the other hand, the kidneys regulate the Water balance and the Adjustment of blood pressure.
About the regulation and control of the composition of the urine, the Electrolyte balance and the Acid-base balance controlled by the body.
About 1800 liters of blood through the kidneys (about 300 times the volume of blood in the body), which of the organs to about 180 liters Primary urine is filtered. This is caused by dehydration less than two liters of urine (urine) focused.
The urine collects in the so-called Renal pelvis, which is already counted as part of the urinary tract. From there, the urine passes through the ureter (Ureter) to bladder directed. The urine is extracted from the bladder via the urethra (urethra) eliminated.
The sexual organs also belong to the genitourinary system. The genitals serve the immediate Reproduction and are divided into external and internal genital organs.
In women, the external genital organs are the shame, the outer and labia minora, the Vaginal vestibule as well as the clitoris.
The internal female sexual organs are connected to the external through the Scabbard (vagina) and end at the cervix, which goes into the uterus transforms.
The uterus is the place where fertilized egg cells implant. In the Ovaries the eggs are produced and matured. You can access the Fallopian tubes in the womb.
The internal sexual organs in men include Testiclesthat the male germ cells (Sperm) produce, as well as the Epididymis and those responsible for the transport of semen Vas deferens.
The external sexual organs are not counted among the internal organs penis, and Scrotum. However, the penis is part of the lower urinary tract, since it encloses the urethra, which is one of the internal organs of the urinary tract.
